Of the different types of radiation, which can travel hundreds of meters in open air and can penetrate most materials?

Gamma particles are a form of electromagnetic radiation and are known for their high penetrative power. They can travel hundreds of meters in open air and have the ability to penetrate most materials due to their high energy. Unlike alpha and beta particles, which are charged and can be stopped by relatively thin layers of material (such as paper for alpha particles and plastic or aluminum for beta particles), gamma rays are uncharged and can pass through dense substances, requiring dense materials like lead or several centimeters of concrete to effectively shield against them. This characteristic makes gamma radiation a significant concern in situations involving radiation exposure, as it can affect individuals at considerable distances from the source. Neutron radiation, while also highly penetrating, typically requires specific conditions to be produced and does not have the same range in open air as gamma particles do. Thus, gamma particles are distinguished by their capability to travel long distances and penetrate a wide variety of materials.